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Sharpey to Yelland Sharpey, W. 1t Sheepshanks, Richard (1794-1855) astronomer. Sheepshanks was educated at Richmond school, part of a brilliant group known later at Cambridge as the ‘Northern Lights.’ Sheepshanks entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1812, graduated as tenth wrangler in 1816, and proceeded M.A. in 1819. He was elected fellow of his college in 1817. He was called to the bar in 1825, took orders in the church of England in 1828, but practised neither profession, the comparative affluence in which his father's death left him permitting him to follow instead his scientific vocation. He joined the Astronomical Society on 14 Jan. 1825, and, as its secretary from 1829 onwards, edited for many years and greatly improved its ‘Monthly Notices.’ In 1830 the Royal Society admitted him to membership, and two years later elected him to its council. He took part in 1828 in Sir George Airy's pendulum-operations in Dolcoath mine, Cornwall, rendered abortive by subterranean floods, and about the same time actively promoted the establishment of the Cambridge observatory. Appointed in 1831 a commissioner for revising borough boundaries under the Reform Act, he visited and determined most of those between the Thames and Humber. His advice in favour of suppressing the imperfect edition of Stephen Groombridge's ‘Circumpolar Catalogue’ was acted on by the admiralty in 1833; and he was entrusted with the reduction of the astronomical observations made by Lieutenant Murphy during General Chesney's survey of the Euphrates valley in 1835-6. Sherrif, W., Captain-Superintendent of the Royal Victualling Yard and Dock Yard at Deptford. (spelt Shirreff in the Philosophical Transactions) 3f 4t Simpson, Martin 1f Slade, Thomas, (fl. 1761) Master shipwright at Deptford. Slee, Charles 1f 1t Smart, J. N. 1f Smyth, William Henry (1788-1865), admiral and scientific writer, born in Westminster. At an early age he went to sea in the merchant service. In July 1811 he joined the Rodney off Toulon, in which he combined the service against the French in Naples with a good deal of unofficial surveying and antiquarian research. On 18 Sept. 1815 he was made commander, and without any appointment to a ship was continued on the coast of Sicily, surveying that coast, the adjacent coasts of Italy, and the opposite shores of Africa. In 1817 his work was put on a more formal footing by his appointment to the Aid, in which, and afterwards (from 1821) in the Adventure, he carried on the survey of the Italian, Sicilian, Greek, and African coasts, and constructed a very large number of charts, which are the basis of those still in use. Some of his results appeared in his elaborate ‘Memoir , of the Resources, Inhabitants, and Hydrography of Sicily and its Islands’ (London, 1824, 4to), which was followed in 1828 by a ‘Sketch of Sardinia.’ In 1821 he became a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and of the Royal Astronomical Society. On 15 June 1826 he was elected F.R.S., and in 1830 was one of the founders of the Royal Geographical Society. In 1845-6 he was president of the R.A.S.; in 1849-50, of the R.G.S.; he was vice-president and foreign secretary of the Royal Society; vice-president and director of the Society of Antiquaries; and was honorary or corresponding member of at least three-fourths of the literary and scientific societies of Europe. He contributed numerous papers to the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ the ‘Proceedings’ of the R.A.S. and R.G.S., and from 1829 to 1849 to the ‘United Service Journal,’ and was the author of many volumes, the best known of which are ‘The Cycle of Celestial Objects for the use of Naval, Military, and Private Astronomers’ (2 vols. 8vo, 1844), for which he was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society; ‘The Mediterranean: a Memoir Physical, Historical, and Nautical’ (8vo, 1854); and ‘The Sailor's Word-Book,’ revised and edited by Sir Edward Belcher (8vo, 1867). He also translated and edited Arago's treatises on ‘Popular Astronomy’ and on ‘Comets.’ The complete story of his literary activity is contained in ‘Synopsis of the published and privately printed Works of Admiral W. H. Smyth’ (4to, 1864), which enumerates his fugitive papers as well as his larger works. He married Annarella Warington. One of his sons, Charles Piazzi Smyth, was for many years astronomer-royal for Scotland. He wrote 4 tidal letters. Solly, Isaac (fl. 1805-1831) a Baltic merchant of Jeffrey Square, St. Mary Axe. He was engaged at London Docks. A dissenter he was the father of ten children. South, James Sir (1785-1867), astronomer, wrote one tidal letter to John Barrow. Spenser, Richard 3f Stanley, Owen 1f Stevenson, Robert (1772-1850), civil engineer, born at Glasgow. He studied civil engineering at the winter sessions of the Andersonian Institute, Glasgow, and afterwards at the university of Edinburgh. Smith showed his confidence in him by entrusting to him, while still in his teens, the superintendence of the erection of lighthouse buildings, lanterns, and optical apparatus, and the formation of ‘macadam’ roads of access to lighthouse stations. Communication with headquarters was difficult, as the stations were often situated on uninhabited islands or headlands, to which the materials were brought in smacks. In 1796 Smith took him into partnership, and he married Jean, Smith's eldest daughter by a former marriage. A few years later Stevenson succeeded Smith as engineer to the Scottish lighthouse board, and held the office for about half a century. He practically inaugurated the Scottish lighthouse system, which is still conducted on the lines he initiated. Under his superintendence no fewer than twenty lighthouses were designed and constructed, and many improvements, now in universal use, were due to his ingenuity. He brought the catoptric or reflecting system of lighting to perfection, advocated the adoption of the dioptric or refracting system with its central lamp, and invented the intermittent and flashing lights; for the last invention the king of the Netherlands bestowed on him a gold medal. The most important of his lighthouses was the famous Bell Rock tower, erected on a dangerous reef submerged by every tide to the depth of twelve feet, and lying in the fairway of ships making for the estuaries of the Tay and Forth. Previous attempts made by Captain Brodie to erect beacons upon it had failed. In the storm of 1799 seventy sail were wrecked off the reef, among them the York, 74-gun ship. After a careful survey Stevenson designed and modelled a tower, and reported on 23 Dec. 1800 to his board that the erection of a stone tower on the reef was practicable. Public opinion was sceptical, and when the board applied to parliament in 1803 for powers to carry out the design, the bill after passing the commons was withdrawn owing to difference of opinion regarding the extent of coast over which dues to meet the expense of erection and maintenance should be levied. Before again going to parliament the board, on Stevenson's suggestion, consulted John Rennie [q.v.], who concurred in Stevenson's opinion. Both Stevenson and Rennie gave evidence before a new parliamentary committee, and the act was passed on 21 July 1806. Active operations were begun on the reef in August 1807. Rennie was appointed nominally chief or consulting engineer, to whom Stevenson in any case of difficulty could apply. Rennie, who had no experience of lighthouse construction, suggested various alterations of the design, but to none of them Stevenson gave effect. After five years of arduous labour the lighthouse was in working order. Since the lighting of the Bell Rock not a single wreck has taken place on the reef. The Northern lighthouse board directed a bust of Stevenson, by Samuel Joseph, to be placed in the tower, and at his death placed in their minutes their regret at the loss of him ‘to whom is due the honour of conceiving and executing the great work of the Bell Rock Lighthouse.’ Not only was the tower itself novel in design, but the implements used in its erection had to be invented. The balance and movable jib cranes were for the first time used at the Bell Rock. The latter is now in universal use. Ball-bearings were also introduced into the cranes at the Bell Rock for the first time. Stevenson further designed for the temporary lightship moored off the Bell Rock tower during its construction¾the first lightship placed in so deep water¾a lantern to surround the mast, instead of small lanterns hung from the yard-arms or frames. This improvement is now universally adopted. He was the first to discover and point out that the salt waters of the ocean flow up the beds of rivers in a stream quite distinct from the overflowing fresh water; and he invented the hydrophore for procuring specimens of sea and river water, so largely used in estuarial and oceanic observations.His experiments on the destruction of timber by the Limnoria terebrans led to the universal adoption of greenheart oak for structures in the sea. He took a great interest in the promotion of the fisheries, and suggested and urged the use of the barometer by fishermen. He was one of the originators of the Royal Observatory of Edinburgh, and strongly advocated the importance to navigation of trustworthy charts founded on careful marine surveys and soundings. He was a fellow of the Royal, the Antiquarian, and Wernerian societies of Edinburgh; the Geological and Astronomical societies of London; and a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers (1828). The original bust model is in the Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh. A portrait painted from it is in the National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh, and has been engraved for David Stevenson's ‘Life of Robert Stevenson,’ 1878. He wrote 2 tidal letters. Stratford, William Samuel (1791-1853), lieutenant R.N. and astronomer, entered the navy in
1806. He devoted himself to the study of astronomy, and on the foundation of the Astronomical Society in 1820 was appointed its first secretary. On 11 April 1827 he received the silver medal of the society for his co-operation with Francis Baily [q.v.] in the compilation of a catalogue of 2,881 fixed stars, printed as an appendix to vol. ii. of the ‘Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society.’ On 22 April 1831 he was appointed superintendent of the ‘Nautical Almanac,’ and on 7 June 1832 he was elected
F.R.S. He was married and left issue. He lived at 6 Notting Hill Square. He died
in office. Sutchbury, Samuel 2f Taylor, P. G. (fl. 1833) at Madras. Templer, John 1f Thomas, G. 1t Thomas, Richard (1777-1857), admiral, a native of Saltash in Cornwall, entered the navy in 1790. He married Gratina Williams. He wrote 1 tidal letter. Turner, J. (fl. 1759) Harwich pilot. Turner, W. 1t Vallancey, Charles (1721-1812) antiquary, whose name is spelt Vallancy in the army list, was born at Windsor, where his father, a French protestant, who ceased to call himself De Vallance on the general change of foreign names in the reign of Queen Anne, held a post in the royal service. He joined the engineers, and on 26 Jan. 1762 became engineer in ordinary in Ireland. In 1798 he became lieutenant-general, and in 1803 general. While on the Irish establishment he was employed in a military survey. He in 1784 was elected F.R.S. His portrait is in the Royal Irish Academy. He wrote 1 tidal letter. Vaughan, William (1752-1850) merchant and author, born on 22 Sept. 1752, the son of Samuel Vaughan, a London merchant, amd his wife Sarah, of Boston, Massachusetts. He was educated at Newcome's school at Hackney and at the academy at Warrington in Lancashire. His studies were much directed to geography, history, travels, and voyages of discovery. After leaving school he entered his father's business, and soon became prominent in mercantile and commercial questions. In 1783 he was elected a director of the Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation, and continued in it, as director, sub-governor, and governor, until 1829. During the naval mutiny at the Nore in 1797 Vaughan formed one of the committee of London merchants convened to meet at the Royal Exchange to take prompt measures to restore tranquillity. He proved extremely active, and independently drew up a short address to the seamen which was put in circulation by the naval authorities. In 1791 he had endeavoured to form a society for the promotion of English canals, and, with this end in view, made a collection, in three folio volumes, of plans and descriptions relating to the subject. Failing in his object, he turned his attention to docks, on which he became one of the first authorities. From 1793 to 1797 he published a series of pamphlets and tracts advocating the construction of docks for the port of London, and on 22 April 1796 he gave evidence before a parliamentary committee in favour of the bill for establishing wet docks. The great development of London as a port must be regarded as partly due to his unceasing exertions.
Waldegrave, W. 3f Walker, William, Queen's Harbour Master, Plymouth. He wrote 4 tidal letters to Whewell. Washington, John (1800-1863), rear-admiral and hydrographer, entered the navy in 1812. In November he joined the Royal Naval College, from which he passed out in May 1816 with the gold medal for proficiency in mathematics. From 1836 to 1841 he served as secretary of the Royal Geographical Society, of which society (founded in 1830) he was one of the original members. As secretary, with the assistance of one clerk, he did the whole work of the society, the success of which in its early days was largely due to his energy and devotion. In March 1841 he was appointed to the Shearwater, for surveying work on the east coast of England. In January 1843 he was moved to the Blazer, in which he continued the survey of the east coast till 1847. In January 1845 he was also appointed a commissioner for inquiring into the state of the rivers, shores, and harbours of the United Kingdom, and in February was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. During these years he had been acting as assistant to Sir Francis Beaufort [q.v.], the hydrographer; and on Beaufort's resignation in 1855, Washington was appointed as his successor. This office he held till his death. He was accused by some of the newspapers that the wreck of the Orpheus on 7 Feb. 1863, on the coast of New Zealand, was owing to the carelessness or culpable ignorance of the hydrographic office. Washington married Eleonora Askew, and had issue. He wrote 3 tidal letters, and received 4. Washington was in charge of the Sheerness dockyard during late 1831; this was at the time that engineer J. Mitchell was installing the first tide gauge there [RSL LUB W.163]. It was Washington who advocated that gauges should be also kept at Portsmouth and Plymouth. Weld, Charles Richard (1813-1869)historian of the Royal Society, born at Windsor. After his father's death he returned to Dublin and attended classes at Trinity College, but took no degree there. In 1839 he proceeded to London and took up an appointment as secretary to the Statistical Society. Three years later he married Anne Selwood, niece of Sir John Franklin. Weld studied at the Middle Temple, and was called to the bar on 22 Nov. 1844; but science was his true vocation, and, under the friendly advice of Sir John Barrow, he became in 1845 assistant secretary and librarian to the Royal Society, a post which he held for sixteen years. The senior secretary at the time was Dr. Peter Mark Roget [q.v.]. With Roget's warm encouragement Weld commenced at once upon the work by which he is remembered, and which appeared in two volumes in 1848 as ‘A History of the Royal Society with Memoirs of the Presidents, compiled from Authentic Documents’ (London, 8vo). The book was illustrated by drawings made by Mrs. Weld, and proved a well-written and much-needed supplement to the histories of Birch and Thomson. An interesting appendix to the volumes is the ‘Descriptive Catalogue of the Portraits in the possession of the Royal Society,’ which Weld compiled by order of the council in 1860. A portrait of Charles Richard Weld is prefixed to the posthumous ‘Notes on Burgundy’ which he was preparing for the press at the time of his death. He wrote 1 tidal letter. Whewell, William (1801-1892), master of Trinity College, Cambridge, born in Brock Street, Lancaster. William was sent to the ‘Blue School’ in Lancaster. He moved to the grammar school at Heversham, where there was an exhibition to Trinity, worth about 50l. a year. In 1812 he went up to Cambridge. His health, which had been delicate, became strong. He made friends with John Frederick William Herschel, the senior wrangler of 1813. Whewell was thus one of a group of very able men who were beginning to raise the standard of Cambridge education. In 1818 the Cambridge Philosophical Society was founded, and Whewell was one of the original members. His friends Babbage, Herschel, and Peacock were now introducing the analytical methods of continental mathematicians, still neglected at Cambridge [see under Peacock, George, 1791-1858]. In 1820 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and early in the same year made the acquaintance of George Biddell Airy (afterwards astronomer royal), then an undergraduate at Trinity, and at a later time one of his warmest friends. In 1826, and again in 1828, he made some laborious experiments with Airy at the bottom of Dolcoath mine, near Camborne in Cornwall, with a view to determining the density of the earth. In September 1830 he was appointed to write one of the Bridgewater ‘Treatises.’ Its subject is astronomy considered with reference to natural theology. Whewell had already made the acquaintance of many men of scientific eminence on the continent as well as in England. James David Forbes [q.v.], who visited Cambridge in May 1831, became one of his warmest friends. The foundation of the British Association in 1831 widened his circle of acquaintance. He was prevented by college business from attending the first meeting at York, but he was at the Oxford meeting in 1832, and a secretary at the Cambridge meeting of 1833. He then induced Quetelet and (Sir) William Rowan Hamilton [q.v.] to attend, and gave and address expounding his principles of scientific inquiry. He seems to have originally taken up the subject of tides with the intention of reporting to the association. He published his fourteen memoirs upon tides in the Royal Society's ‘Transactions’ from 1833 to 1850, and in 1837 received a gold medal from the Royal Society for his investigations. The ‘History of the Inductive Sciences’ appeared in three thick octavo volumes in 1837. The sequel, called the ‘Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences,’ in two thick volumes, was published in 1840. He
married Cordelia Marshall. He produced no original work of importance. The following portraits of Whewell are all in Trinity College Lodge: a three-quarter length about 1850; a full-length in oil of Whewell under thirty; a small oil painting; a chalk drawing of Whewell, and one of his second wife. In the college hall is a small portrait in oil of Whewell as a young man. In the college is a marble bust. In the antechapel is a marble statue. Upon one subject, however, he seems to have done really good work. Professor Darwin, who has kindly given his opinion, states that Whewell ‘will always rank among the great investigators of the theory of tides. His memoirs fill about 350 quarto pages, generally giving only the result of laborious computations. His most important work was the construction of a map showing the march of the tide-wave round the earth. The data were voluminous and necessarily imperfect. No one has repeated the enormous task of preparing such a chart; and, though it could be only an approximation, it fairly embodies all that is yet known on the point. The data for the seas round the British islands were comparatively plentiful, and Whewell spent enormous labour in constructing a “local cotidal chart,” which probably needs only slight amendments to make it perfectly correct. It has never been reconstructed. Whewell carefully considered the tides at various English ports, and was a pioneer in formulating satisfactory methods of prediction from large masses of observation. He was the first to bestow much attention upon the diurnal inequality of the tides which are conspicuous in most parts of the world. Whewell took such tides to be exceptional, though it is now known that the simplicity of the North Atlantic tides is the true exception. The modern method of treating the tide as composed of a number of constituent waves is of especial value in regard to this problem. Though Whewell's data were scanty and his methods have become obsolete, his treatment of the question was of great service at the time. He endeavoured to form a local diurnal cotidal chart for the British islands, but concluded that the facts could not be presented in this form. His conclusion may be correct, although the errors in his data and the imperfection of his method made his failure inevitable. The problem is now more feasible; but sufficient data are still wanting, and the attempt has not been renewed. Whewell also considered the rise and fall of water during a single tidal oscillation, and gave formulæ for predicting the height of water at any moment from a knowledge of the height and time of high and low water. He received much help from professional computers supplied by the admiralty; but his personal work, considering that he had the whole direction of the computations, must have been very heavy. His success showed a splendid perseverance, which is the more remarkable when we take into account his contemporaneous work upon many other matters.’ Whewell's works are: 18. ‘History of the Inductive Sciences from the Earliest to the Present Time,’ 1837, 3 vols. 8vo; 2nd edit., enlarged, in 1847; 3rd, in three small octavo volumes, with additions (also printed in octavo to be bound with second edition), 1857. Whewell replied to some criticisms in the ‘Edinburgh Review’ by a short printed letter, dated 28 Oct. 1837, and in the ‘Medical Gazette’ of 30 Dec. 1837 defended his treatment of Sir Charles Bell and Mayo. 20. ‘The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, founded upon their History,’ 1840, 2 vols. 8vo. A second, enlarged edition, appeared in 1847. This was afterwards divided into three books, in small octavo, to range with the third edition of the ‘History’: (i.) ‘History of Scientific Ideas,’ 1858; (ii.) ‘Novum Organon Renovatum,’ 1858; (iii.) ‘Philosophy of Discovery,’ 1860. The last contains considerable additions to the corresponding part of the original book, and includes answers to Herschel (previously printed privately), Lewes, and J. S. Mill. Whewell contributed a number of memoirs to various scientific journals. The ‘Catalogue of Scientific Papers’ gives sixty-four, besides the papers upon tides. An account of these is given in Todhunter, chap. xvi. The task of writing Whewell's life was unfortunately divided. In 1876 appeared William Whewell: an Account of his Writings, with Selections from his Literary and Scientific Correspondence, by Isaac Todhunter [q.v.], 2 vols. 8vo; and in 1881 the Life and Selections from the Correspondence of William Whewell by Mrs. Stair Douglas, 1 vol. 8vo. He wrote 86 tidal letters, mostly to Airy, Beaufort and Lubbock, and he received 322 from among: Airy, Bunt, Dessiou, Lubbock, Ross, Beaufort, Herschel, Bache, Greaves, Hall, Rennie, and Walker. White, Martin (1780-1865), entered the RN as a midshipman, served under Bligh, and became Captain and Commander. On retirement he became an Admiral. 2 letters. White, George Rob. 1f Wilkes, Charles 1f Williams, Sir Thomas (1762?-1841), admiral. He married Miss Whapshare. He wrote 1 tidal letter and received 1. Wollaston, William Hyde (1766-1828) physiologist, chemist, and physicist, was born at East Dereham, Norfolk. He went to Charterhouse; was admitted a pensioner of Caius College, Cambridge, proceeded M.B. in 1788 and M.D. in 1793. During his residence in Cambridge he became intimate with John Brinkley, the astronomer royal for Ireland, and John Pond [q.v.], and studied astronomy with their assistance. He was admitted F.R.S. In 1802 he was awarded the Copley medal, and on 30 Nov. 1804 he was elected secretary of the Royal Society, a post which he retained till 30 Nov. 1816.
Wollaston served with Young and Henry Kater [q.v.] as commissioner of the Royal Society on the board of longitude from its reconstitution in 1818 until the abolition in 1828 of this ‘only ostensible link which connected the cultivation of science with the government of the country.’
Wright, Thomas of Glynn, Ireland. Wood, Sir Charles (1800-1885), M.P., was educated at Eton and Oriel College, Oxford. He graduated B.A. Wood's official career began on 10 Aug. 1832, when he was appointed joint-secretary to the treasury; he was transferred to the secretaryship of the admiralty in April 1835. He became chancellor of the exchequer under Lord John Russell on 6 July 1846, and was sworn of the privy council. Being exceedingly well informed upon Indian questions, he was appointed president of the board of control in the Aberdeen administration on 30 Dec. 1852, and passed an excellent India Act in 1853. On 8 Feb. 1855 he became a member of Lord Palmerston's cabinet as first lord of the admiralty. He became secretary of state for India on 18 June 1859, and began an arduous but successful series of measures for adapting the government and finances of India to the new state of things arising after the extinction of the East India Company. He married Mary Grey. He wrote 1 tidal letter and received 1. Wright, C. W. H. Master attendant. Wrottesley, Sir John (1798-1867), was born at Wrottesley Hall in Staffordshire. He was admitted to Westminster school. He matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford, graduating B.A. in 1819 and M.A. in 1823. He joined the committee of the Society for Diffusing Useful Knowledge, of which he continued a member until his death. While practising as an equity lawyer he settled at Blackheath, where between 1829 and 1831 he built and fitted up an astronomical observatory. On 29 April 1841 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1853 he called attention in the House of Lords to Lieutenant Matthew Fontaine Maury's scheme of meteorological observations and discoveries, and advocated the policy of encouraging merchant captains to keep meteorological records of winds and currents during their voyages, a project which has since been extensively adopted by the board of trade. In November 1854 he succeeded as president of the Royal Society, a post which he resigned in 1857. In 1860 he was elected president of the British Association, and on 2 July received the degree of D.C.L. from the university of Oxford. He married Sophia Elizabeth Giffard. He compiled a treatise on navigation for the ‘Library of Useful Knowledge,’ issued under the auspices of the Society for Diffusing Useful Knowledge in the series on ‘Natural Philosophy’ (1854, vol. iii.). He received 1 tidal letter. Yates, James 2f Yates, Joseph Brooks (1780-1855), merchant and antiquary, born at Liverpool. He was educated by William Shepherd
and at Eton. On leaving Eton, about 1796, he entered the house of a West India merchant, in which he became a partner, continuing in it until a year or two before he died. He was one of the leading reformers of Liverpool, and a liberal supporter of its literary and scientific institutions. In February 1812 he joined with Thomas Stewart Traill in founding the Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society, of which he was president during four triennial periods, and a frequent reader of papers at its meetings. In 1854 he acted as local vice-president of the British Association at the Liverpool meeting.
He was elected F.R.G.S. He married Margaret Taylor. Yates's portrait was placed in the Royal Institution of the town. Yelland, N. 20f 17t Young, Thomas (1773-1829) physician, physicist, and Egyptologist, was born at Milverton. During an interval, when about sixteen, he was attacked by an illness thought to be consumption, and this led to his extraordinary abilities being brought to the notice of. He was known as ‘Phenomenon Young,’ and associated on terms of equality with the fellows, but complained of the barriers which custom imposed on his free intercourse as a student with the more distinguished members of the university. In the summer of 1798 he carried out some experiments on sound and light, afterwards communicated to the Royal Society, which formed the starting-point for his subsequent theory of ‘interference.’
He married Eliza Maxwell. He was the first to use the term ‘energy’ for the product of the mass of a body into the square of its velocity, and the expression ‘labour expended’ (work done) for the product of the force exerted on a body into the distance through which it is moved, and to state that these two products were proportional to each other (Lectures, i. 78-9). Young's ‘Theory of the Tides,’ given first in his ‘Lectures’ (p. 576), then in ‘Nicholson's Journal’ (1813), and more completely in the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica’ 6th edit. (1823) (Works, ii. 291), explained more tidal phenomena than any other theory till (Sir) George B. Airy's article on ‘Tides and Waves’ appeared in the ‘Encyclopædia Metropolitana,’ vol. v. (1844). His contempt for analytical processes, engendered no doubt by the torpid condition of mathematical studies at Cambridge in his time, made him cut down all algebraic work to a minimum, and his mathematical papers are most open to the charge of obscurity. There are several portraits. He received 17 tidal letters.
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