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Hall B to Macauley Hall, Basil (1788-1844), captain in the navy and author. He was educated at the high school of Edinburgh, and entered the navy in May 1802. He had an interview with Napoleon. From 1820 at Rio and at the Galapagos, he carried out a series of pendulum observations, the account of which was published in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ (1823, pp. 211-88). He had already, while in China, been elected a fellow of the Royal Society (28 March 1816). Hall had no further service in the navy, but having married Margaret Hunter, spent his time in private travel or in literary and scientific pursuits at home. He wrote numerous papers in the ‘United Service Magazine,’ as well as in the leading scientific periodicals (see Royal Society Catalogue of Scientific Papers). In addition to the Royal, he was a fellow of the Royal Astronomical, Royal Geographical, and Geological Societies. He wrote 4 tidal letters to Whewell and received 1. Hall, J. 3f Hallett, John H. 1f Hamilton, James 1f Hamilton, Sir William Rowan (1805-1865), mathematician, born in Dublin at midnight. William Rowan was entrusted to his uncle by his father, the solicitor, when less than three years old. Hamilton read Hebrew when but seven years of age, at twelve had not only studied Latin, Greek, and the four leading continental languages, but could profess a knowledge of Syriac, Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit, Hindustani, and even Malay, and in 1819 he wrote a letter to the Persian ambassador in his own language. The choice of languages was owing to his father's intention originally to obtain for him a clerkship under the East India Company. The mathematical bent of his mind, however, was presently to assert itself. In his tenth year he was matched in public with Zerah Colburn, the American ‘calculating boy,’ retiring from the arithmetical duels not without honour. About the same time he fell upon a Latin copy of Euclid, and studied it with such effect that within two years he read the ‘Arithmetica Universalis’ of Newton, and soon after began the ‘Principia.’ In 1822 good evidence shows that he understood much of that work, and had acquired such command of mathematical methods as to speedily master several modern books on analytical geometry and the differential calculus. Hamilton thus appears to have been mainly self-taught in mathematical learning. In his seventeenth year, when reading the ‘Mécanique Céleste’ of Laplace, he found an error in the reasoning on which one of the propositions was based. This discovery led to Hamilton's introduction to Dr. Brinkley, the astronomer royal for Ireland, afterwards bishop of Cloyne, whom he still further surprised by an original paper on osculation of certain curves of double curvature. In 1823 Hamilton became a student of Trinity College, Dublin. Hamilton, when still an undergraduate, was appointed in 1827 Andrews professor of astronomy and superintendent of the observatory, and soon after astronomer royal for Ireland. He was twice honoured with the gold medal of the Royal Society, first for his optical discovery, and secondly, in 1834, for his theory of a general method of dynamics, which resolves an extremely abstruse problem relating to a system of bodies in motion. Next year, on the occasion of the British Association visiting Dublin, Hamilton was knighted by the lord-lieutenant. In 1837 he was chosen president of the Royal Irish Academy, and had the rare distinction of becoming a corresponding member of the academy of St. Petersburg. About 1843 Hamilton began more or less clearly to shape out the new mathematical method which when perfected was to give him right to rank in originality and insight with Diophantus, Descartes, and La Grange; a method which, as set forth and illustrated in his own writings, can ‘only be compared with the “Principia” of Newton and the “Mécanique Céleste” of La Place as a triumph of analytical and geometrical power’ (Professor Tait in North British Review, September 1866). In 1844, before the Royal Irish Academy, of which he was still president, he formally defined the term ‘quaternions,’ by which the new calculus was to be known; but not till 1848 can the method be considered as systematically established, when he began, in Trinity College, Dublin, the ‘Lectures on Quaternions,’ which were published in 1853. Hamilton freed the science from the limitations of ages, and by his new adaptation of symbols dealt with lines in all possible planes, quite irrespective of any such restricting axes of reference as were necessary to the Cartesian system. To bring any line in space to complete coincidence with any other line may be called finding its quaternion: so named from the four numbers or elements occurring in the geometrical question of comparing two lines in space, viz. their mutual angle, the two conditions determining their plane and their relative length. This new algebra accordingly could express the relations of space directionally as well as quantitatively, and recommended itself as a powerful organ in solid geometry, dynamical questions involving rotation, spherical conics or surfaces of the second order, besides innumerable applications in physical and astronomical problems, crystallography, electrical dynamics, wherever, in short, there occurs motion or implied translation in tridimensional space, or where the notion of polarity is involved. He wrote 1 tidal letter and received 1. Hansfield, John 1f Harcourt, William Venables Vernon (1789-1871), virtual founder of the British Association, born at Sudbury. After he had served in the navy, on the West Indian station, for five years, he became a student of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1807. He graduated B.A. in 1811, and M.A. in 1814, and remained a student of Christ Church till 1815. He had the advantage of the personal friendship of Cyril Jackson, the dean; and Dr. John Kidd, then a teacher of chemistry at his college, imbued him with a lifelong love of that science. On leaving the university in 1811, Harcourt began his duties as a clergyman at Bishopthorpe, Yorkshire, and actively aided the movement for establishing an institution in Yorkshire for the cultivation of science. He constructed a laboratory, and occupied himself in chemical analysis, aided by his early friends Davy and Wollaston. In 1821 remains of prehistoric life found by Buckland in the cavern of Kirkdale went to form the basis of a museum, connected with the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, of which Harcourt was the first president. In 1824 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society.
Harford, John Scandrett (1787-1866), was born at Bristol. He was educated at Peterley House, Buckinghamshire; later on he kept several terms at Christ's College, Cambridge. He became a firm supporter of the Church Missionary Society. The university of Oxford created him D.C.L., and he was elected F.R.S. He wrote 1 tidal letter. Harris, Sir William Snow (1791-1867), electrician, born at Plymouth. After attending Plymouth grammar school he was sent to the university of Edinburgh to study medicine. On his marriage in 1824 with Elizabeth Thorne, he abandoned his profession in order to devote himself exclusively to electricity. He had already, in 1820, invented a new method of arranging the lightning-conductors of ships, the peculiarity of which was that the metal was permanently fixed in the masts and extended throughout the hull. He was also the inventor of an improved mariner's compass, and to him is due the first idea of a disc electrometer. In December 1826 he communicated to the Royal Society, at the invitation of Sir H. Davy, the president, a valuable paper ‘On the Relative Powers of various Metallic Substances as Conductors of Electricity,’ and in 1831 he was elected a fellow. His papers contributed to the society in 1834, 1836, and 1839, on the elementary laws of electricity, contain his best work. To the Royal Society of Edinburgh, of which he also became a fellow, he communicated in 1827, 1839, and 1833, various interesting accounts of his experiments and discoveries in electricity and magnetism. In 1835 he was awarded the Copley medal by the Royal Society, in recognition of the value of his papers on the laws of electricity of high tension. He also contributed to the ‘Nautical Magazine’ for 1834 (published collectively in 1835). He wrote 2 tidal letters. Hartley, Jesse (1780-1860) civil engineer, was born in 1780 in the North Riding of Yorkshire, his father being ‘bridge-master’ of that district. After being apprenticed to a mason he succeeded his father as bridge-master, and soon evinced a natural bent towards engineering. He was appointed dock surveyor in Liverpool in 1824. As engineer under the dock trust of that port, Hartley for the last thirty-six years of his life altered or entirely reconstructed every dock in Liverpool. Hartley was also engineer for the Bolton and Manchester railway and canal, and consulting engineer for the Dee bridge at Chester, and which was completed in 1833. In Liverpool Hartley was noted for his devotion to his work, and for the simplicity of his life and manners. He died at Bootlemarsh, near Liverpool, 24 Aug. 1860. Hartley, W. B. Henderson, Thomas (1798-1844) Henderson, V. F. Henry, William 1f Herbert, J. or R. (fl. 1828-9) Secretary of Trinity House. Exchanged one tidal letter each way with Parry at the HO. Heron, W. (fl. 1829) of Greenock, received one tidal letter from Beaufort. Herschel, Sir John Frederick William (1782-1871), astronomer, was born at Slough. He was educated at at Hitcham, then at Eton. He entered St. John's College, Cambridge, at the age of seventeen, graduated thence in 1813 as senior wrangler and first Smith's prizeman, and was immediately elected to a fellowship in his college. He proceeded M.A. on 3 July 1816, and in occasional residences at the university during the interval formed a lifelong intimacy with Whewell. Their Sunday mornings' ‘philosophical breakfasts’ in 1815 were long remembered (Todhunter, Account of the Writings of Dr. Whewell, i. 6). Herschel's youthful compact with George Peacock and Charles Babbage to ‘do their best to leave the world wiser than they found it’ began to be fulfilled by their formation in 1813 of the ‘Analytical Society of Cambridge.’ The first volume of its transactions was written exclusively by Herschel and Babbage. A joint translation by Herschel and Peacock of Lacroix's ‘Elementary Treatise on the Differential Calculus,’ Cambridge, 1816, with an appendix on finite differences by Herschel, became a university text-book, and was succeeded in 1820 by two admirable volumes of ‘Examples’ by Herschel and Babbage. To these works was mainly due the restoration of mathematical science in England by introducing the differential notation and continental methods of analysis. Herschel in 1813 was elected a FRS and chose the law as his profession,
the acquaintance of Dr. Wollaston and of Mr. (afterwards Sir James) South diverted him, however, finally to science.
Herschel took an active part in the foundation of the Royal Astronomical Society; he wrote its inaugural address, and was its first foreign secretary. He travelled in Italy and Switzerland with Babbage in 1821, making an ascent of Monte
Rosa. After the removal of South's telescopes to Passy in 1824, he went abroad again with Babbage; and made a barometrical determination of the height of Etna on 3 July. He then traversed Germany, seeing some eminent astronomers, and visiting his aunt Caroline Herschel
at Hanover. On his election in November 1824 as secretary of the Royal Society, a post filled by him during three years, he took up his residence at 56 Devonshire Street, Portland Place, London.
Herschel married Margaret Brodie Stewart. He reached Table Bay in 1834 and secured
a house at Feldhausen, six miles from Cape Town, in ‘one of the most magnificent sites’ (Herschel wrote to Baily) ‘I ever saw.’ These multiplied labours were accomplished with only the aid of a mechanic named John Stone; but they were lightened by the cordial sympathy of Sir Thomas Maclear [q.v.], then H.M. astronomer at the Cape.
His efforts to obtain coloured photographs were only partially successful; but his reproduction in 1843 of an engraving of the Slough forty-foot reflector was the first example of a photograph on glass (Abney, Treatise on Photography, p. 5).
In April 1840 Herschel removed from Slough to a more commodious residence, named Collingwood, at Hawkhurst in Kent, and in December 1850 accepted the post of master of the
mint. His unpublished correspondence on scientific subjects is of historical
interest. The first issue of the admiralty ‘Manual of Scientific Inquiry’ (London, 1849) was edited and the section on meteorology (separately printed from the third edition in 1859) written by him.
St. John's College, Cambridge, possesses a portrait in oils of Herschel by Pickersgill, and his bust executed by Baily about 1852. A small painting by Thomas Webster, R.A., from a photograph taken in 1871, and Mrs. Cameron's life-size photographs are good likenesses. The best representation of his later aspect is, however, in a painting by his eldest daughter, Caroline, wife of Sir Alexander Hamilton. A life-size sketch of him by Watts, taken about 1852, remains with the artist.: Numerous
tidal observations were sent by him to Dr Whewell, from the Hewitt, William (fl. 1805-40) Captain RN. He accompanied M. Biot to the Orkneys at the instigation of the Royal Society, for pendulum experiments, connected with ascertaining the figure of the earth. In January 1837, Commander Hewitt was made a post-Captain. His observations enabled Professor Whewell to determine, with respect to the tides of the North Sea, that there must be a certain position in that sea, in which there would be no rise and fall, but a gradual gyration of the water. He was lost onboard the survey ship Fairy in a great North Sea gale on 13th November 1840. 1f 1t Hind, John Russell (1823-1895) astronomer, was born on 12 May 1823 at Nottingham, where his father, John Hind, who was one of the first to introduce a Jacquemard loom into Nottingham, owned a lace factory. At the age of twelve he began to observe the heavens, and became at sixteen a regular contributor on astronomical subjects to the ‘Nottingham Journal,’ publishing besides, in an ‘Atmospheric Almanac,’ weather predictions for 1839 and 1840. In the latter year he was sent to London as assistant to Carpmael, a civil engineer, but quickly obtained a post in the magnetic and meteorological department of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. He took part in the first chronometric determination of the longitude of Valencia in 1843, and accepted, in 1844, the charge of the observatory founded by George Bishop in the Regent's Park. There, in the course of nine years, he discovered ten asteroids, two comets, a remarkable variable nebula in Taurus (Monthly Notices, xxiv. 65), and several variable stars, including the temporary apparition of May 1848. Accompanying William Rutter Dawes to Sweden for the total eclipse of 28 July 1851, he made some interesting observations on the ‘rose-coloured flames’ (Memoirs Royal Astron. Society, xxi. 82), and in 1853 succeeded William Samuel Stratford as superintendent of the ‘Nautical Almanac.’ He retained, however, the general direction of Bishop's observatory, and transferred his residence to Twickenham on its removal thither in 1861. In 1891 he withdrew from the ‘Nautical Almanac’ office under the provisions of the superannuation scheme, and died at Twickenham on 23 Dec. 1895 of heart disease, the premonitory symptoms of which had early impeded his activities. His grave is in Twickenham churchyard. He married in 1846, and had six children.
He wrote: 1. ‘The Solar System,’ London, 1852. 2. ‘An
Introduction to Astronomy, to which is added an Astronomical Vocabulary,’
published in Bohn's ‘Standard Library’ in 1852, and in several subsequent
editions. 3. ‘The Comets: a Descriptive Treatise. With a Table of all the
Calculated Orbits,’ London, 1852; translated into German by J. H. Mädler in
1854. 4. ‘The Illustrated London Astronomy,’ 1853. The great comet of 1556, of
which he predicted the return in two pamphlets, first for the year 1848, then,
perturbations being allowed for, about 1858, failed to verify either forecast.
He, however, successfully traced the apparitions of Halley's comet back to 11
b.c., was a diligent student of Chinese cometary annals, and computed the orbits
of forty-three comets, as well as of many asteroids and binary stars. Numerous
communications from him were included in scientific collections, notably in the
‘Monthly Notices’ and the ‘Astronomische Nachrichten,’ and his letters to the
‘Times’ on astronomical occurrences appeared at intervals during forty years.
The results of a comparison supervised by him of Burckhardt's and Hansen's Lunar
Tables, 1847-65, formed an appendix to the ‘Monthly Notices’ for 1890, vol. 1. Hinarey, W. 1f Holden, George (1783-1865), theological writer, only son of the Rev. George Holden, LL.D., head-master of the free grammar school at Horton-in-Ribblesdale, Yorkshire, was born at that place. He was educated at the Glasgow University, where he graduated. In 1811 he was presented to the perpetual curacy of the village of Maghull, near Liverpool. Living there in seclusion he read and wrote much. For many years he compiled the ‘Liverpool Tide Tables,’ which were begun by his grandfather and continued by his father. He wrote 2 tidal letters. Holden Moses (1777-1864), astronomer of Preston wrote one letter to William Scoresby. Hopkins, Charles 2f 1t Hornsby, Phipps I. 2f Horsburgh, James (1762-1836), hydrographer, was born at Elie in Fifeshire. After a childhood spent partly at school and partly in field labour, he went to sea, at the age of sixteen, as an apprentice to Messrs. James & William Wood of Elie, on board colliers or other vessels trading from the Forth or the Tyne with Hamburg or the Dutch ports. For nearly two years he served as mate of ships trading from Calcutta, and in May 1786 was first mate of the Atlas, from Batavia to Ceylon, when, on the 30th, she was wrecked on the island of Diego Garcia in consequence of an error in her chart. Horsburgh's attention was thus definitely turned towards the necessity of improving the charts then in use, and from that time he began to collect information and observations bearing on the navigation of the eastern seas. In China he became first mate, and for the next ten years he was employed in ships sailing from Bombay, generally to China, though occasionally to Bengal. During all this time, and especially while mate of the Anna, a ship belonging to Messrs. Bruce, Fawcett, & Co. of Bombay, he continued collecting information and devoting his whole leisure to the study of navigation, astronomy, geometry, and drawing. The first result of his labours was the construction of three charts; one of the Straits of Macassar, one of the western part of the Philippine Islands, and one of the track from Dampier's Strait to Batavia; which he presented, at Canton, to Mr. Thomas Bruce. After being shown to several commanders of the company's ships, they were sent to Alexander Dalrymple, hydrographer to the company, and were published with the sanction of the court of directors, from whom a letter of thanks was sent to Horsburgh, together with a present in money for the purchase of instruments. In 1796 he came to England as first mate of the ship Carron, and made the acquaintance of Dalrymple, by whom he was introduced to Sir Joseph Banks, Dr. Maskelyne, and others of scientific reputation. From April 1802 to February 1804 he kept a continuous register of the barometer, taken every four hours, by day or night, at sea or in harbour, and in discussing the observations, established the diurnal variation of the barometer in the open sea between the latitudes of 26° N. and 26° S. An abstract of this was published in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ of 1805. He constructed also during this period several charts, which were engraved by Dalrymple. In 1805 he returned to England as a passenger in the Cirencester, and shortly afterwards published a series of four charts of the Indian and Eastern seas, with explanatory text, under the title, ‘Memoirs: comprising the Navigation to and from China,’ 1805, 4to; new edit., 1812. He published several other charts and papers, but the great work by which his name still lives is the celebrated ‘Directory’ or rather ‘Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies, China, New Holland, Cape of Good Hope, and the interjacent Ports, compiled chiefly from original Journals and Observations made during 21 years' experience in navigating those Seas,’ 1809-11, 2 parts, 4to. Many editions, enlarged and corrected, were afterwards published, and it still forms the basis of the ‘East India Directory.’ In March 1806 Horsburgh was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in October 1810 he was appointed hydrographer to the East India Company. In the congenial work of this office the remainder of his life was passed. He died, after a month's suffering, on 14 May 1836. Besides the works already named and several scientific contributions to the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ and other magazines (see Royal Society Catalogue), Horsburgh revised (1819) a new edition of Mackenzie's ‘Treatise on Surveying.’ He wrote 1 tidal letter.
Hose. Lieut.
RN, HM Sloop Aid, Huddart, Joseph
(1741-1816) hydrographer and manufacturer, was born on 11 Jan. 1740-1 at Allonby
in Cumberland, where his father was a shoemaker and farmer. He was educated at a
school kept by the clergyman of the parish, and is said to have shown aptitude
for mathematics and mechanics, to have constructed the model of a mill, and to
have built a miniature 74-gun ship from the description in a work on naval
architecture. On leaving school Huddart was sent to sea in the interests of a
fish-curing business in which his father had engaged. On the death of his father
in 1762 he succeeded to a share in the business, and took command of a small
brig belonging to it, trading principally to Ireland. In 1768 he built another
brig, mainly with his own hands, and while commanding these devoted much of his
leisure to the study of navigation and to the survey of the ports he visited. In
1771 he went to London on a visit to a brother of his father, described as a
wealthy tradesman in Westminster, whose daughters had married Sir Richard Hotham
and Mr. Dingwall, both shipowners and holders of East India stock. On the
introduction of these persons he entered the service of the East India Company,
and in 1778 was appointed commander of the ship Royal Admiral, in which he made
four voyages to the East. Meanwhile he occupied himself with the survey of the
coasts and ports that came under his notice, and constructed charts of Sumatra
and the coast of India from Bombay to the mouth of the Godavery, as well as - at
home - of St. George's Channel. In 1788 he retired from the company's service,
and seems to have been employed for the next three years in surveying among the
Hebrides. In 1791 he was elected an elder brother of the Trinity House, and also
a F.R.S. Several years before, the accident of a cable parting had turned his
attention to the faulty manufacture of rope, and he invented a method ‘for the
equal distribution of the strains upon the yarns.’ He now entered into business
for the manufacture of cordage on this principle, in which he realised a
handsome fortune. He died in London on 19 Aug. 1816, and was buried in a vault
under the church of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. He married in 1762 and had issue
five sons, of whom one only survived him. His portrait, by Hoppner, is in the
Institution of Civil Engineers. Huffman, N. H. 1f Hurd, Thomas (1757?-1823), captain in the navy and hydrographer, after serving on the Newfoundland and North American stations, was promoted by Lord Howe on 30 Jan. 1777 to be lieutenant of the Unicorn frigate. During the peace he was again employed on the West India station, and carried out the first exact survey of Bermuda. In August 1795 he was promoted to the rank of commander, and to that of captain on 29 April 1802. He was engaged in 1804 in the survey of Brest and the neighbouring coast, the results of which were published in a chart and sailing directions. In May 1808 he was appointed to the post of hydrographer to the admiralty, in succession to Alexander Dalrymple. He held the office for fifteen years. During this time the construction of charts was carried on without intermission, and he was able to organise a regular system of surveys under his control and direction. He afterwards persuaded the admiralty to make the charts prepared in the hydrographic office accessible to the public, and thus available for the ships of the mercantile marine. At the time of his death, on 29 April 1823, he was also superintendent of chronometers and a commissioner for the discovery of longitude. He sent two tidal letters. Hussey, J. C. 1f Ibbetson, R. Governor of Prince of Wales Island, Singapore and Malacca. Innes, George 10f Kyd, J. Master builder in Kidderpore. Jenkins, Sir Richard (1785-1853) East India Company. Jones, James, Dockmaster at Ipswich wrote 1 tidal letter. Jones, Jenkin (c.1793-1843) Captain RN and Younger Brother of Trinity House, of London Docks and the Poor Law Commission wrote 27 tidal letters to Lubbock and received 2. Lubbock admired his mathematical ability. Jones, John, of Liverpool sent 1 tidal letter. Jones, Rev. R., of Ditchling Lewes received 2 tidal letters. Kater, Henry (1777-1835) man of science, was born in Bristol. On 25 April 1799 he became ensign by purchase in the 12th foot in Madras, and became lieutenant 1803. Kater assisted in the measurement of a base-line near St. Thomas's Mount in 1802, in connection with the Bangalore base; in the subsequent triangulation for survey purposes, and in the measurement of an arc of the meridian (reported in Asiatic Researches, vol. viii.). The maps and reports are now in the map-room of the India office (Clements Markham, Indian Surveys). During this period he suggested an improved hygrometer (see Asiatic Researches, vol. ix.). He also devised an improved form of pendulum (see Nicholson's Journal, 1808, vol. xx.). Kater returned home on account of ill-health. In 1815 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London, of which he was long treasurer. The Emperor of Russia also conferred on him the order of St. Anne, in recognition of his services in the preparation of standard measures for the Russian government. He was employed in pendulum experiments at the chief stations of the trigonometrical survey of Great Britain, and in 1821-3 was associated with Arago, Mathieu, and Colby in the observations for determining the difference of longitude between the observatories of Greenwich and Paris. He reported upon them very fully in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ 1828. He lived chiefly in London, employed in scientific pursuits.
Kelland, Philip (1808-1879), mathematician, was born at Dunster. He was educated at Queens' College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1834 and proceeded M.A. in 1837, becoming senior wrangler and first Smith's prizeman in 1834. In 1838 he was appointed professor of mathematics in the university of Edinburgh, being the first Englishman with an entirely English education who was admitted to a chair in the university. On 6 Dec. 1838 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1839 became a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and was president from November 1878 to his death; to its ‘Transactions’ during forty-one years he contributed numerous papers. He made a tour in Canada and the United States in 1858. In physical science he wrote on the motion of waves in canals, but he mainly devoted himself to pure mathematics. He married, first, Miss Pilkington, and, secondly, Miss Boswell. He wrote 3 tidal letters and received 2. Knight, Charles (1791-1873), author and publisher. He undertook to superintend the publications of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, which (taking its title from that of an article in the ‘Plain Englishman’) had been organised a few months earlier by Brougham, M. D. Hill, and others. At first his duties were mainly those of ‘reader’ for the committee; subsequently he wrote and edited. He had not yet re-established himself as a publisher, and the first number (for 1828) of the ‘British Almanack and Companion,’ which he had long projected as an antidote to the trash which was still disseminated under the name of almanacks, and which the society now took up, bears the imprint of Baldwin & Cradock. The ‘Weekly Volumes,’ a series started largely owing to a suggestion of Harriet Martineau, were begun at this time. The ‘Penny Magazine’ was now drawing to an end, and with it Knight's connection with the Useful Knowledge Society. The ‘Biographical Dictionary,’ which it undertook at its own expense, failed after devoting seven excellent volumes to the letter A, when the loss was nearly 5,000l., and the society prudently wound up. He was also something of an inventor, and in 1838 took out a patent for ‘improvements in the process and in the apparatus used in the production of coloured impressions on paper, vellum, parchment, and pasteboard by surface printing.’ Knight married Miss Vinicombe. He received 1 tidal letter. Konig, Charles Dietrich Eberhard (1774-1851), mineralogist, was born in Brunswick in 1774, educated at Göttingen, and came to this country to arrange the collections of Queen Charlotte at the end of 1800. At the time of his sudden death, in London, he had charge of the mineralogical department of the British Museum. He wrote1 tidal letter. Lamb, Alexander (fl.1813-1835), early promoter of Portland Breakwater, about which he commissioned a survey and received three letters from J F Dessiou. He confused the death of J Dessiou (1822) as being that of his son, J F Dessiou. Larcom, Henry 2f 3t Le Bas, Charles Webb (1779-1861) Lendbetter, John 1f Lloyd, Humphrey (1800-1881), provost of Trinity College, Dublin, and man of science, was born in Dublin. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1815, gaining first prize, out of sixty-three competitors, at the entrance examination, which was at that time altogether classical. He obtained a scholarship in 1818, and graduated B.A. in 1819, taking first place and the gold medal for science, and proceeding M.A. in 1827, and D.D. in 1840. He devoted himself especially to scientific study, and in 1831 succeeded his father as Erasmus Smith's professor of natural and experimental philosophy. During his tenure of this chair he sought successfully to improve the position of physical science in the university. He was a member of the committee of the British Association, at whose solicitation, in conjunction with that of the Royal Society, the government was induced to endeavour to improve our knowledge of terrestrial magnetism by establishing observing stations at various points in Great Britain and India. He prepared the written instructions for the conduct of the observatories, and the officers appointed to take charge of them were taught by him in Dublin the practical use of the instruments. In addition to the honours already mentioned, he was a fellow of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, and an honorary member of many other learned societies of Europe and America. In 1855 the university of Oxford conferred on him the degree of D.C.L., and in 1874 the emperor of Germany the order ‘Pour le Mérite.’ He married Dorothea Bulwer. A bust of him was placed in the library of Trinity College in 1892. He wrote 2 tidal letters. Lloyd, John Augustine (1800-1854), engineer and surveyor, was born in London, and was educated successively at private schools at Tooting and at Winchester, where he was taught the rudiments of science. When on a visit to Derbyshire he executed a survey of the Wirksworth mines. John spent his time in Tortola surveying, and acquired a knowledge of Spanish and French. Crossing to South America, he presented an introduction, which had been given him by Sir Robert Ker Porter, to Simon Bolivar, the liberator of Colombia, and served some years on his staff as a captain of engineers, ultimately attaining the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In November 1827 he was commissioned by Bolivar to survey the Isthmus of Panama and report on the best means of inter-oceanic communication. He ultimately carried out the survey under immense difficulties, some of it being through dense forests, where the surveyors were constant targets for the carbines of ‘Cisneros’ and his band, wild Indian freebooters, for years the pest of the Caraccas. Lloyd recommended a road, on the line since adopted for the Chagres and Panama railway. Soon afterwards he appears to have returned to England. His report on his survey appeared in ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ 1830, pp. 59-68, with supplementary information in ‘Journal of Royal Geographical Society,’ i. 69-101. In the same year he was made F.R.S. He was employed, under the joint direction of the board of admiralty and the Royal Society, in determining the difference of level in the Thames between London Bridge and the sea. His report appeared in ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ 1831, pp. 167-98. In 1831 Lloyd went out to Mauritius, where he was appointed colonial civil engineer and surveyor-general. During his twenty years' service in Mauritius he executed many useful public works, including a breakwater for the inner harbour, the custom house, a patent slip for vessels of six hundred tons, the colonial observatory, iron bridges, district churches, hundreds of miles of macadamised roads, and a trigonometrical survey of the island and the adjoining islets. He also compiled a new map of Madagascar, with a memoir, published in ‘Journal of Royal Geographical Society,’ vol. xx. Lloyd became an associate of the Institute of Civil Engineers, and served on the council. His paper communicated to the institute in 1849 on the ‘Facilities for a Ship Canal between the Atlantic and Pacific’ (see Proc. Inst. Civil Eng. ix. 58 et seq.) was awarded the Telford medal. ‘There was nothing,’ he wrote, ‘but the climate and the expense to prevent a canal being cut from one sea to the other of sufficient depth to float the largest ship in her majesty's navy’ (ib. p. 60). He wrote 4 tidal letters and received 2. Lomart, M. F. Loney, Robert (fl. 1797-1846) entered the navy as a boy in September 1797. He became a ships commander in about1828 and commanded different vessels in the Navy and Merchant service. He was well acquainted with the English and St. Georges Channels, with five years in a frigate on the coasts of France. He knew the north coast of Spain and was for two years Lieutenant of a sloop on the Channel station. Among the ships he commanded were a revenue cruiser, H.M. ketch Vigilant for six years in the English Channel and H.M. brig Savage. The latter was on the coast of Portugal during the contest between Don Pedro and Don Miguel. He spent twelve years sailing to the West Indies and the Spanish main and was employed at the capture of Java. He was also acquainted with the Gulf of Finland and Baltic. His plan of the bar and harbour of Exmouth was published by the HO and he submitted another, small manuscript plan of a port on the south side of St. Domingo. He had begun the St. Domingo plan in late 1845. He wrote to
Francis Beaufort while living at 56 Crown Street,
Long, William 1f 1t Lord, William 3f Lowrie, Walter H. 1f Lubbock, Sir John William (1803-1865), astronomer and mathematician, was born in Duke Street, Westminster. He was the only child of Sir John William Lubbock, head of the banking firm of Lubbock & Co. From Eton he passed in 1821 to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated as first senior optime in 1825, proceeding M.A. in 1833. His mathematical powers were recognised at the university; but he preferred original work to the ordinary course of study necessary for examination honours. After a brief interval of travel he became, in 1825, a partner in his father's bank, and entered upon a life divided between business and arduous study. A member of the committee of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge from 1829, he joined the Astronomical and Royal Societies in 1828 and 1829 respectively, aided in the establishment of the ‘British Almanac’ in 1827, and published, in the ‘Companion’ to that periodical for 1830, a descriptive memoir on the tides. He undertook in 1831 the untried task of comparing in detail tidal observations with theory (Phil. Trans. cxxi. 379, cxxiv. 143; Brit. Assoc. Report, 1832, p. 189, 1837, p. 103), and the satisfactory correspondence ascertained formed the theme of the Bakerian lecture delivered by him in 1836 (Phil. Trans. cxxvi. 217), and of a paper presented to the Royal Society on 16 March 1837 (ib. cxxvii. 97). His first data were furnished by records kept at the London docks from 1795 onwards, and he later discussed similar materials procured from Liverpool (ib. cxxv. 275). A royal medal was adjudged to him in 1834 by the Royal Society for his tidal investigations. Lubbock gave in 1829 a method for determining cometary orbits, exemplified by the return of Halley's comet in 1759 (Memoirs Astr. Soc. iv. 39), and he laid before the Royal Society, on 29 April 1830, a more general demonstration than that of Laplace of the stability of the solar system (Phil. Trans. cxx. 327). His laborious researches in physical astronomy were mainly directed towards the simplification of methods; and he introduced uniformity into the calculation of lunar and planetary perturbations by employing in the former, as in the latter, the time as the independent variable. He recommended to the British Association in 1836 the formation of new empirical tables of the moon (Brit. Assoc. Report, 1836, ii. 12), and corresponded on the subject with Sir William Rowan Hamilton of Dublin (Graves, Life of Hamilton, ii. 192, 197, 209). In his final memoir on the lunar theory, sent to the Royal Astronomical Society on 9 Nov. 1860 (Memoirs Astr. Soc. xxx. 1), he justly claimed for himself, with Plana and Pontécoulant, the credit of having reduced the tabular errors of the moon below those of observation. Lubbock was foremost among English mathematicians in adopting Laplace's doctrine of probability. Two papers on the calculation of annuities, written by him in 1828-9 (Cambridge Phil. Soc. Trans. iii. 141, 321), illustrated its applicability to questions connected with life assurance, and he was the joint author, with Drinkwater, of an excellent elementary treatise on probability, published in 1830 (and reprinted in 1844) by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Lubbock acted as treasurer and vice-president of the Royal Society from 1830 to 1835, and from 1838 to 1847. He was the first vice-chancellor (1837-42) of the London University, one of the treasurers of the Great Exhibition of 1851, a visitor to the Royal Observatory, a member of various scientific commissions, notably those on the standards and on weights and measures; he was also associated with several foreign learned societies. From 1840 he led a retired life at his residence of High Elms, near Farnborough in Kent. He married Harriet Hotham. Among Lubbock's separate works were: 1. ‘Six Maps of the Stars,’ executed under his superintendence for the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, London, 1830. 2. ‘An Elementary Treatise on the Computation of Eclipses and Occultations,’ 1835. 3. ‘On the Theory of the Moon and on the Perturbations of the Planets,’ in eleven parts, 1833-61 (reprinted from ‘Philosophical Transactions’ and the Royal Astronomical Society's ‘Memoirs’). 4. ‘Remarks on the Classification of the different Branches of Human Knowledge,’ 1838. 5. ‘An Elementary Treatise on the Tides,’ 1839. 6. ‘On the Heat of Vapours and on Astronomical Refraction,’ 1840 (a reprint of papers contributed to vols. xvi. and xvii. of the ‘Philosophical Magazine’). 7. ‘On Currency,’ 1840. 8. ‘On the Gnomonic Projection of the Sphere,’ 1851. 9. ‘On the Clearing of the London Bankers,’ 1860. He also wrote in 1830 ‘On Precession’ (Phil. Trans. cxxi. 17), and in 1848 ‘On Change of Climate resulting from a Change in the Earth's Axis of Rotation’ (Quarterly Journal Geol. Soc. v. 4). He wrote 65 tidal letters, mostly to Whewell, Coates and Beaufort and received 188 mostly from Stratford, Whewell, Dessiou, Airy, Innes and Pierce. Ludlow, Lieutenant (fl. 1839) Lyell, Sir Charles (1797-1875) 1 tidal letter from. Macauley, J. H. 1t
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